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  • The Advancement of AI-Based Human-Robot Interaction

    Beyond Coexistence: An Era of Emotion and Collaboration
    Robots are evolving from mere tools to emotionally and cognitively interactive entities with humans. Industrial robots in the past were optimized for repetitive tasks in structured environments. However, today's advancement in Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming robots into "social beings" that enter our daily lives.

    Technologies such as Natural Language Processing, Computer Vision, and Emotion Recognition now enable robots to understand human language, facial expressions, and gestures, and respond appropriately. Humans are no longer simply command-givers; we are becoming active participants in empathetic and cooperative interactions with robots.

    One example is Amazon¡¯s home robot, Astro. It manages home security, recognizes family members' locations, and engages in brief conversations with users. When asked, ¡°Who came?¡±, Astro can recognize the visitor¡¯s face and report it, and even adjust its conversation according to the user¡¯s emotional state.

    These technologies are expanding into elderly care, education for children with autism, and mental health monitoring. Robots are becoming emotionally responsive beings, not just functional machines. In modern society, where loneliness and isolation are growing issues, emotionally communicative robots carry social significance.

    An Era Where Robots Read Emotions: Integration of Language and Sentiment
    The core of human-robot interaction lies in understanding natural language. Advanced AI has surpassed simple commands and can interpret context and recognize emotions. For instance, by analyzing tone, word choice, and speech speed, AI can determine whether a speaker is sad or happy. This development is part of a field called Affective Computing.

    When a robot says, ¡°You seem very tired today,¡± it is not just an algorithm at work, but a combination of situational awareness and emotional analysis. Language is no longer just a means of communication but a tool for emotional resonance, and robots are emerging as empathetic machines that respond to human feelings.

    At the MIT Media Lab, the educational robot 'Turtlebots' adjusts storytelling styles according to children's emotions. If a child looks sad, the story ends warmly; if the child shows excitement, the story takes on a more adventurous tone.

    In customer service, AI chatbots are designed to tailor their tone and responses according to the user's emotional state. They may recommend a human agent if they detect depression or offer apologies and compensation first when encountering an angry customer. These examples demonstrate the real-world applications of emotion recognition technology in commerce.

    Understanding Without Words: Interpreting Nonverbal Signals
    To interact naturally with humans, robots must also interpret nonverbal signals. Eye tracking, facial expression analysis, body posture, and personal space are all essential components of human communication.

    Social robots read these nonverbal cues and respond appropriately. For example, a caregiving robot can detect fatigue or sadness in an elderly person's face and posture, then initiate a conversation or play music. This complements the emotional aspects of human caregiving with technology.

    The Fraunhofer Institute in Germany developed ¡®Emilly,¡¯ a robot that analyzes facial muscle movements of the elderly in real time to assess fatigue, pain, and emotional state. It not only prompts meals or medication but also alerts friends or family when emotional instability is detected.

    In Japan, robots deployed in welfare facilities visually track the movements of seniors with mobility issues to detect fall risks in advance and recognize signs of isolation through facial expression changes. These technologies are gaining attention as effective solutions to caregiving challenges in aging societies.

    Eyes and Brain of the Robot: Situational Awareness and Adaptive Behavior
    Modern robots use context-awareness to perceive their surroundings in real-time and decide appropriate actions. This goes beyond basic sensor input, incorporating behavioral patterns, spatial information, and time of day.

    For example, a smart home robot might turn on lights when the user returns home and activate a coffee pot upon recognizing movement toward the kitchen. Such behavior is based on comprehensive situational recognition and prediction.

    Adaptive behavior is another emerging technology. It allows robots to learn from user reactions and improve responses over time. A companion robot might initially fail to remember a user¡¯s name but gradually adapt to personalized speech patterns through repeated learning.

    As robots learn a user's routine, preferences, and emotional fluctuations, they evolve into ¡°daily companions¡± rather than simple assistants. A healthcare robot, for instance, may encourage exercise and manage diets while adjusting routines based on user feedback. This represents a shift from pre-programmed machines to entities that grow alongside humans.

    The Beginning of Emotional Bonds: Emotional Intelligence and Trust Building
    Robotic Emotional Intelligence plays a critical role in forming trust with humans. By recognizing and appropriately responding to emotions—not just following commands—robots can offer comfort and intimacy.

    Japan¡¯s caregiving robot 'PARO' resembles a stuffed animal but uses tactile sensors and voice recognition to react to users and attempt emotional engagement. It has been shown to reduce anxiety in dementia patients and provide social stimulation.

    The American ¡®social companion robot¡¯ ElliQ acts as a conversational partner for the elderly, encouraging exercise and giving daily updates like weather forecasts—behaving almost like a real friend. The emotional connection provided by robots transforms technical interactions into human relationships.

    Emotionally intelligent robots are increasingly used in healthcare. For example, they converse with hospitalized patients, monitor emotional states, and alert medical staff early to signs of depression or anxiety. These use cases reveal the potential of robots as "emotional companions" beyond mere tools.

    Reshaping Industries and Society Through Robot Integration
    The sophistication of AI-based human-robot interaction is transforming not only individual lives but also the structure of entire industries. It is seen as a potential solution to problems such as population aging, labor shortages, and social isolation.

    In hospitals, caregiving robots support insufficient nursing staff, while in education, AI tutors offer personalized learning. In logistics, manufacturing, and hospitality, robots interact naturally with humans to handle tasks like customer service, guidance, and delivery.

    In South Korea, robot baristas serve drinks in cafes, and Japan¡¯s hotel chain 'Henn na Hotel' operates using robots for front desk duties and luggage handling. These changes signal a structural shift where technology complements—and sometimes replaces—human labor.

    This shift also creates new jobs and industries. Roles like robot trainers, human-robot interaction designers, and emotion analysis consultants are emerging—careers that didn¡¯t exist before. As a result, entire employment structures and technical education systems are evolving across society.