- War of Generations, or the Beginning of a New Social Contract?
In a world of constant change, generations face each other with different memories and expectations.
The values preserved by the older generations and the futures demanded by the younger ones collide, creating new fractures.
This conflict stretches beyond Korea to the United States, Europe, China, Japan, and the Global South, shaping a new current in world history.
Korea¡¯s Two Frontlines: The Democratization Generation and the Fairness Generation
Korea is one of the countries where generational conflict is most clearly revealed. The so-called ¡°586 Generation¡± (people now in their 50s and 60s), also known as the ¡°Democratization Generation,¡± shares the experience of the democracy movement and emphasizes collective solidarity and the value of social reform. They have long formed the backbone of Korea¡¯s progressive camp and have positioned themselves as guardians of democracy. However, the new generation of men in their 20s speaks a completely different language. They cling to the keyword ¡°fairness,¡± and react sensitively to inequalities stemming from job insecurity, soaring housing prices, and gender conflicts.
In recent years, election results and opinion polls have displayed this division in numbers. Men in their 20s tend to support conservative parties, while women of the same age group lean progressive. Even within a single generation, there is a unique divide along gender lines. This shows that Korea¡¯s conflict is not simply a ¡°generational conflict,¡± but a compounded structure that includes ¡°intra-generational gender conflict.¡± In this situation, young people accuse the older generation of being ¡°responsible for unfairness,¡± while the 586 Generation criticizes the youth as a ¡°generation ignorant of historical context.¡± Both sides have lost the language of compromise.
Ultimately, Korea¡¯s generational conflict is a struggle over the ownership of the future. The young declare, ¡°We will not bear unbearable burdens,¡± while the older generation retorts, ¡°Do not disregard the democracy we fought to protect.¡± Unless this clash is resolved, the political landscape of Korean society is likely to remain turbulent.
United States: ¡°OK Boomer¡± as a Declaration of Generational War
In the United States, the meme ¡°OK Boomer¡± symbolizes the blatant conflict between the Baby Boomer generation and the younger generations. The Baby Boomers (born 1946–1964) lived through the golden age of the U.S. economy and accumulated social resources such as housing, stable jobs, and welfare. By contrast, Millennials (born 1981–1996) and Generation Z (born after 1997) are burdened with student debt, driven into unstable employment, and squeezed out of housing markets. The economic starting points of the two generations differ dramatically.
Climate change is one of the core points of contention. Younger generations see the climate crisis as ¡°a matter of survival.¡± Older generations, however, are more inclined to preserve industrial bases and existing economic structures. This is why younger Americans grew angry when climate policies were rolled back during the Trump era. Political orientation is just as polarized: younger generations support abortion rights, gun control, and social diversity, while older generations uphold traditional values and conservatism.
The voting patterns of the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections make this generational divide clear in numbers. Trump¡¯s base consisted largely of older white voters, while younger voters chose Sanders or Clinton. This was not merely a difference in values, but a generational struggle over ¡°who has the right to decide the future.¡± U.S. generational conflict will likely intensify further within the Democratic–Republican political battleground.
Europe: Divided by Pensions and Climate
In Europe, generational conflicts are most acute around the economy and welfare. In France, during the 2023 protests against pension reform, younger generations expressed anger that ¡°the young are being sacrificed for the comfortable retirement of the elderly.¡± High youth unemployment and unstable jobs translate directly into tax burdens, which are funneled into pension funds. Intergenerational redistribution becomes the source of resentment.
Germany revealed the conflict in another way. Young people, calling themselves the ¡°climate generation,¡± organized the Fridays for Future movement to exert political pressure. They criticized older generations for neglecting the climate crisis in the name of economic growth. In fact, the clash between the German automobile lobby and environmental policies can be seen as a microcosm of generational conflict.
In the United Kingdom, Brexit was a stage for generational war. Older voters chose to leave the EU, while young voters overwhelmingly supported remaining. The outcome—Leave—was decided thanks to the high turnout of older voters, and young people felt their future had been shattered. The slogan of the youth, ¡°Your past has stolen our future,¡± succinctly captured the essence of generational conflict.
China: The ¡°Tangping (Lying Flat)¡± Generation and Discord with Parents
In China, the stark contrast lies between the older generation, who experienced rapid economic growth, and the younger generation, who face slowing growth and job insecurity. Parents prize frugality and diligence under the belief that ¡°hardship eventually leads to happiness,¡± but the younger generation resists with the keyword ¡°躺øÁ (tǎngpíng, lying flat).¡± It represents a refusal to strive in an overcompetitive society burdened by skyrocketing housing prices and endless work pressure.
The Chinese government regards this trend as a potential source of social instability. But the youth point out its practical impossibility: secure jobs, marriage, and childbirth are out of reach, making the ¡°success stories¡± emphasized by their parents ring hollow. In a society under tight digital censorship, young people use internet memes to express dissatisfaction indirectly. Phrases like ¡°my life is fake¡± or self-mocking humor spread widely in this context.
Generational conflict in China goes beyond value differences; it connects to questions of legitimacy of the system itself. If the youth feel alienated from the national vision of the ¡°Chinese Dream,¡± their discontent could evolve into latent political risk.
Japan: The Sigh of the Lost Generation and the Wall of the Elderly
In Japan, generational conflict has been solidified by prolonged economic stagnation. Those who entered society during the ¡°lost three decades¡± since the 1990s are called the Lost Generation (employment ice age generation). They failed to secure stable, regular jobs and remained trapped in non-regular, low-wage work well into middle age. Meanwhile, the older generation who lived through the postwar high-growth era remain relatively secure with pensions and assets.
The discontent of young people is expressed in two ways: anger that ¡°only our generation was sacrificed,¡± and resignation that ¡°nothing will ever change.¡± Japan¡¯s low birthrate and youth political apathy are deeply connected to this. Politically, the overwhelming turnout and influence of the elderly mean that policies are crafted around older generations. The voices of young people are marginalized to the periphery of society.
However, recent years have seen the rise of ¡°youth political participation movements¡± and cultural shifts like the spread of single-person households that demand generational change. Japan¡¯s generational conflict is less about direct political confrontation, and more about quietly entrenched inequalities embedded in economic and social structures.
The Youth Explosion of the Global South: A Young Population, but Old Power
Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America have the highest proportion of young people in the world. Yet political power is monopolized by the elderly. In countries such as Nigeria, Uganda, and Zimbabwe, more than half the population is under 25, but national leaders are often over 70. This imbalance becomes a seed of social instability.
The Arab Spring in the Middle East and North Africa was a representative example of young people¡¯s discontent erupting. Youth took to the streets against unemployment, corruption, and authoritarian regimes. But even after regime changes, structural problems persist. The same holds true in Africa: young people leverage social media to expand political participation, but changing entrenched power structures is not easy.
In Latin America, Chile¡¯s protests against subway fare hikes spiraled into a nationwide movement for political reform. Eventually, it led to constitutional reform debates. This was not merely economic dissatisfaction, but a demand for ¡°generational justice.¡± Thus, generational conflict in the Global South, unlike in the West, has the distinctive feature of shaking the legitimacy of the entire system.
The Internet as the Battleground: Conflicts Consumed as Memes
The internet and social media act as massive amplifiers of generational conflict. Just as ¡°OK Boomer¡± spread rapidly in the U.S., online spaces raise generational disputes through humor, satire, and mockery. Yet behind this lies genuine anger and distrust.
In Korea, the 586 Generation and the 2030 Generation clash fiercely on YouTube and online communities. The frame of ¡°activist elites¡± and the counter-accusation of ¡°historically ignorant youth¡± deepen mutual distrust. In Japan, the Lost Generation and older generations replay their conflicts online. Young people, suffering from job scarcity and precarious labor, deride the older generation as ¡°the secure job generation.¡±
Memes and internet humor may appear lighthearted, but they play a significant role in cementing divisions. Digital natives satirize the older generations with laughter, but this simultaneously reinforces the perception that they are ¡°groups speaking different languages.¡±
Will the Future Divide, or Unite?
Generational conflict is likely to intensify further. As aging accelerates, young people shoulder the burden of taxes and pensions, while older generations defend their stable lifestyles. Politically, the rise of young leaders may bring change, but instead of healing conflict, it may create new fractures.
Yet there is still hope. Intergenerational cooperation is essential for responding to the climate crisis, sustaining welfare systems, and ensuring social solidarity. Some countries have created policy councils that include different generations, or experimented with mixed-generation housing and care models. These are small but meaningful starting points for reducing conflict and strengthening solidarity.
Korea faces the same challenge. If youth discontent is not absorbed, it may drift into political extremism. But if structures that bring young and old together are designed, conflict could become a driving force for social innovation. Ultimately, the crucial question is: ¡°Can intergenerational division be transformed into an opportunity for a new social contract?¡±