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  • 1,337 Seconds of Plasma: Humanity Takes a Step Closer to the "Artificial Sun"

    Why Fusion Energy Is Back in the Spotlight
    One of the most complex challenges facing humanity today is energy. Fossil fuels are the primary culprits behind global warming, while renewable sources like solar and wind are intermittent and heavily dependent on weather conditions. Amid this dilemma, 'nuclear fusion' has reemerged as a promising alternative.

    Fusion energy mimics the very mechanism that powers the sun. When two light atomic nuclei fuse under extreme temperature and pressure, they form a heavier nucleus and release an immense amount of energy. This process produces 'minimal radioactive waste', uses fuel derived from 'abundant seawater', and poses 'little risk of catastrophic failure'.

    In February 2025, France's nuclear fusion device 'WEST (W Environment in Steady-state Tokamak)' achieved a historic breakthrough: 'plasma was stably maintained for 1,337 seconds (about 22 minutes)'—the longest duration ever recorded in fusion experiments. This surpassed the previous record of 1,056 seconds set by China and marked a critical turning point toward the commercialization of fusion energy.

    What Is Plasma?
    To enable nuclear fusion, hydrogen atoms must be heated to temperatures exceeding 100 million degrees Celsius. Under these conditions, the atoms separate into electrons and nuclei, forming a 'plasma'—the so-called 'fourth state of matter' beyond solid, liquid, and gas. Plasma is strongly influenced by magnetic fields, which is why fusion reactors must generate powerful magnetic confinement systems to suspend the plasma and keep it from touching the reactor walls.

    The problem is that plasma is 'extremely unstable'. Even slight disruptions in control can cause its temperature to drop or cause it to collide with the wall, collapsing the fusion conditions entirely. Thus, 'how long plasma can be stably confined' is one of the most crucial indicators of progress in fusion energy.

    WEST's Core Technologies: Enabling Long-Duration Stability
    To achieve its breakthrough, the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) introduced several key innovations to extend plasma duration within the WEST tokamak.

    1. Tungsten Inner Wall ("W-wall")
    Given that plasma temperatures reach thousands of degrees, the reactor's inner walls face extreme thermal stress. WEST replaced traditional carbon materials with 'tungsten', which has a melting point of 3,400¡ÆC, to maximize durability and thermal resilience. This is the same wall material selected for ITER, the world¡¯s largest international fusion project under construction in France.

    2. Continuous RF Heating System
    Maintaining plasma at over 100 million degrees requires constant energy input. WEST employed 'high-frequency electromagnetic waves (radio frequency or RF waves)' to continuously inject heat into the plasma. This process is similar to how a microwave oven heats food by vibrating water molecules, except here it energizes plasma particles through resonant excitation.

    3. Real-Time Magnetic Feedback Control
    Since plasma must be confined by magnetic fields, WEST utilized a 'real-time feedback system' to detect plasma movements and dynamically adjust the magnetic fields. Think of it like a tightrope walker constantly correcting their balance to stay centered—this system continuously keeps the plasma stable and suspended.

    Beyond Numbers: From Experiment to Realization
    This achievement is not merely about setting a numerical record. While early fusion tests could sustain plasma for only a few seconds to minutes, 'experiments are now entering the tens-of-minutes range', enabling serious discussions about '24/7 operation in future fusion power plants'.

    Previously, many in the field could only assert that such systems were 'theoretically possible'. Now, we're seeing actual devices that work under real-world conditions. This marks a shift from hypothetical models to tangible engineering. Crucially, 'ITER', the international fusion project under construction in Cadarache, France (with a projected completion in 2035), is expected to directly benefit from WEST¡¯s successful demonstration.

    Relevance to Korea¡¯s Fusion Strategy
    South Korea is also a leading country in fusion research, operating its own device known as 'K-STAR (Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research)'. In 2021, K-STAR successfully sustained plasma at 100 million degrees for 30 seconds—an achievement that drew global attention.

    The WEST results provide key insights for Korea:
    'Technology Sharing as an ITER Member': As one of ITER¡¯s seven core member countries, Korea stands to benefit from the WEST trial, which serves as a testbed for ITER. The success bolsters confidence in the international fusion collaboration.

    'Localization of Core Materials and Components': Technologies like tungsten walls, RF heating systems, and real-time magnetic control will be essential for future commercial reactors. If Korea succeeds in domesticating these components, it could gain a competitive edge in the global fusion market.

    'Investing in Carbon-Neutral Energy Alternatives': Korea, having pledged to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, must explore new energy sources beyond renewables. Fusion energy offers the reliability and safety required for 'baseload power'.

    Challenges Ahead: Energy Gain, Cost, and Stability
    Nonetheless, fusion energy still faces significant challenges. Chief among them is 'energy gain (Q value)'—the ratio of output energy to input energy. Most current systems remain below Q = 1, meaning they 'consume more energy than they produce'. While WEST demonstrated long plasma duration, its net energy output remains in the research phase.

    Additionally, if plasma comes into contact with the reactor wall, it can rapidly cool and damage the system. Preventing this requires 'extremely precise control mechanisms'. There¡¯s also the issue of scale and cost; current reactor designs are enormous and expensive, making commercial deployment still a distant goal.

    Can Humanity Build a Second Sun?
    The WEST milestone is more than a technical record. It¡¯s a 'landmark in our evolving imagination of energy'. The ability to control plasma for 1,337 seconds shows that we are no longer confined to theory—we are entering an era where the 'artificial sun' is becoming reality.

    Fusion is no longer just a scientific curiosity; it is poised to become a 'strategic national technology' that defines a country¡¯s energy sovereignty and industrial ecosystem. For Korea, the time is now to invest strategically, lead global research, and secure its position as a fusion frontrunner.

    Nuclear fusion is no longer a distant promise—it is a 'technology on the verge of becoming destiny'.

    * Reference
    Fusion Engineering and Design, February 2025, ¡°Demonstration of 1337 seconds of stationary plasma in WEST with full tungsten wall and RF heating,¡± CEA-WEST Collaboration