Challenges and Path toward Real-World Applications
Despite its promise, the THz-STM method remains confined to clean, cryogenic ultra-high vacuum setups. Scaling to ambient or device-integrated conditions will require developing on-chip THz coupling, improving repetition rates beyond MHz, and establishing feedback-controlled CEP stabilization for consistent pulse delivery. Long-term stability, heat management, and device packaging present additional hurdles. Nonetheless, theoretical frameworks—such as ultrafast symmetry switching guides—and THz‑STM performance benchmarks validate the feasibility of transferring these quantum control principles into solid-state circuits, coherent computing, or sensing platforms within the next five to ten years.